Metronomics Global Health Initiative

Building a new arsenal: repurposed drugs and metronomic chemotherapy against medulloblastoma

Nicolas André — 2026-02-24T15:46:31Z

In this review article, entitled : Building a new arsenal: repurposed drugs and metronomic chemotherapy against medulloblastoma published in Expert Rev Neurother
Donze C, Piris P, Leblond P, Matteudi M, Pasquier E, Carre M, and André N from Service d'Hématologie & Oncologie Pédiatrique, Timone Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, the Reverse Molecular Pharmacology in Pediatric Oncology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix-Marseille Université́, CNRS, INSERM, SouthROCK Center of Excellence in Pediatric Oncology Research, Marseille, the IHOPe-Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Institute, Leon Berard Center, Lyon and the Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France the authors summarize the current evidence regarding metronomic chemotherapy (MC) and drug repurposing in MB and discuss prospective future developments by searching the PubMed database from 1980 to 2025. Drug repurposing (DR), defined as the identification of novel therapeutic applications for existing pharmacological agents, presents a promising strategy to expedite the development of effective and well-tolerated treatments. Metronomic chemotherapy, characterized by the frequent administration of low-dose chemotherapeutic agents, exerts its therapeutic effects by targeting the tumor microenvironment and angiogenesis. Notably, metronomic chemotherapy, particularly in multidrug combinations incorporating repurposed agents, has demonstrated significant clinical activity in patients with relapsing/refractory MB.
Medulloblastoma (MB) represents the most prevalent malignant pediatric brain tumor. Although survival has greatly improved, the tumor and its treatments have devastating long-term side effects that negatively impact quality of survival. Consequently, there is a critical need for innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing patient outcomes and mitigating treatment-related toxicities.

Expert opinion: Data on MC and DR, published over the past decades, has confirmed their potential to prolong survival and potentially cure patients with refractory/relapsing MB. Randomized trials are now mandatory to generate higher levels of evidence.

yao can find the full article herehttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10....

Maintenance therapy for pediatric sarcoma: full throttle ahead?

Nicolas André — 2025-07-29T07:49:49Z

We are delighted to announcve a new Metronomics Global Health Initiative publication !

Maintenance therapy for pediatric sarcoma: full throttle ahead? has been publisahed in Current opinion in Oncology as part of a sarcoma special issue.
The piece has been written with Nadege Corradini from the HOPe-Pediatric Hematolgy and Oncology Institute, Leon Berard Center, Lyon.and Daniel Orbach from the SIREDO Oncology Center , Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France.

Abstract

Purpose of review: Maintenance therapy (MT), particularly antiangiogenic approaches such metronomic chemotherapy (MC), correspond to the continuous administration of low-dose anticancer agents in a context of minimal residual disease. While widely used in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia for decades, MT has recently shown promise in solid tumors. Additionally, antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) are increasingly explored in pediatric sarcomas.

Recent findings: This review summarize current evidence on MT efficacy in pediatric sarcomas, focusing on MC and TKIs. It examines their impact on the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression, as well as potential future applications, including standalone use or combination with targeted therapies, immunotherapies and/or drug repurposing.

Summary: MT has been demonstrated to improve outcomes in specific sarcomas, especially high-risk localized rhabdomyosarcoma, and has therefore become a standard of care. Its role in other sarcomas, such as Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma, is under investigation. However, critical challenges remain, including optimizing drug selection, treatment duration, and patient stratification to maximize benefits.

Retrospective experience of children with relapsed brain tumors treated with oral combination of axitinib and metronomic etoposide

2024-05-23T14:57:47Z

Caroline Donzé, Gabriel Revon-Rivière, Morgane Pondrom, Arnauld Verschuur, Pierre Leblond, Nicolas André from the Pediatric Oncology Department of of the Hopital pour enfants de la Timone APHM Marseille, the IHOPE Lyon, the Pediatric Oncology Department , CHU Nice, and the Metronomic Global Health Initiative, France have just published a short article in Pediatric Blood and Cancer entitled : Retrospective experience of children with relapsed brain tumors treated with oral combination of axitinib and metronomic etoposide.

In this article they're report their preliminary experience of the combination of axitinib and metronomic etoposide given as as an “off-label” combination in 6 children and young adults with medulloblastoma (5 patients) or ATRT (1 patient).
Interestingly, 3 patients with medulloblastoma experienced partial response; one patient with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) displays an ongoing stable disease (12 months); two patients with medulloblastoma had progressive disease. Grade 3–4 toxicities were observed in two patients (thrombocytopenia, anemia, diarrhea, fatigue). The axitinib–etoposide combination shows signals of efficacy in heavily pretreated patients with relapsed/refractory brain tumors. These results were based on real-world observation and will need formal evaluation in a phase I/II trial.The full text of the article is freely available here

METRO-PD1: Phase 1 study of nivolumab in combination with metronomic chemotherapy in children and adolescents with relapsing/refractory solid tumors

2024-01-09T10:11:34Z

Our recent phase 1 trial exploring the combination of Nivolumab and metronomic chemotherapy entitled: METRO-PD1: Phase 1 study of nivolumab in combination with metronomic chemotherapy in children and adolescents with relapsing/refractory solid tumors has just been published in the European Journal of Cancer by Nicolas André, Marie Cécile Le Deley, Clémence Léguillette, Alicia Probst, Leen Willems, Romain Travers, Isabelle Aerts, Cécile Faure-Conter, Gabriel Revond-Riviere, Victoria Min, Birgit Geoerger, Pascal Chastagner, Natascha Entz-Werlé, Pierre Leblond from:
– Marseille-La Timone University Hospital, Oncologie pédiatrique, CRCM INSERM U1068 SMARTc Aix Marseille University & Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France
– Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Research, Lille, France
– Department pediatric hematology and oncology, UZ Ghent, Belgium
– Centre François Baclesse, Centre de Traitement des Données du Cancéropôle Nord-Ouest, Caen, France
– Institut Curie, PSL Research University- Oncology Center SIREDO, Paris, France
– Centre Léon Bérard, IHOPe, Lyon, France
– Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, INSERM U1015, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
– Nancy University Hospital, Service d'hémato-oncologie pédiatrique, Nancy, France
– Strasbourg University Hospital, Pédiatrie Onco-Hématologie - Pédiatrie III, Strasbourg, France
– Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pediatric Oncology Unit, Lille, France

A randomized phase 2 trial evaluating metronomic vs metronomic + nivolumab is ongoing.

ABSTRACT

BackgroundThis multicenter Phase I study (NCT03585465) evaluated nivolumab in combination with 3 metronomic chemotherapy (MC) regimens in children with refractory/relapsing solid tumors. Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of the three regimens
MethodsPatients aged <18> 2 cycles and > 70% of the planned dose.
PopulationSixteen patients were enrolled, 3 in arm A, 6 in arm B, and 7 in arm C. Median age was 11.5 years (range, 5-19). Patients previously received a median of 3.5 (range, 1-4) lines of systemic treatment, 14 patients had surgery and 11 had radiotherapy.
ResultsMedian number of cycles was 2 (1-24), median treatment duration was 56 days (18-714). In arm C, median number of cycles was 4 with median treatment duration of 95 days. No DLT was observed. Grade 3 adverse events (AE) and serious AE were observed in 8 patients (50%) and 1 patient (6%), respectively, over the first 2 cycles. No grade 4 AE occurred. The 6-month PFS and OS were 12% and 44%, respectively, in the whole population. Prolonged stable disease was observed in a high-grade glioma and an atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor.
ConclusionArm C appears safe. A randomized phase II trial evaluating the addition of nivolumab to the triple MC is ongoing.

the full text is freely available here

Successfully targeting the cancer system with metronomics for medulloblastoma

2023-11-15T08:26:44Z

The prognosis of the patients with medulloblastoma who relapse after initial treatment including radiotherapy remains dismal. A recent study by Peyrl et al. in JAMA Oncology suggests that the metronomic multidrug combination used in the medulloblastoma European multitarget metronomic antiangiogenic trial (MEMMAT) given at relapse can improve long-term survival and lead to cure of the patients.
In this spotlight piece entitlted : Successfully targeting the cancer system with metronomics for medulloblastoma just published in Trends In Cancer,written wtih Andreas PEYRL, Simon BAILEY and Nicolas ANDRE we discuss in which setting the MEMMAT approach could be used( i.e. upfront, relmapse, maintenance), whihch tumor types beyond medulloblastoma (ie : ATRT, ependymoma) ang propose it works though a global cancer system targetting.

the article is available here

Phase I Study of a Combination of Fluvastatin and Celecoxib in Children with Relapsing/Refractory Low-Grade or High-Grade Glioma (FLUVABREX)

2023-03-29T06:47:46Z

We are very glad to share the recent article reporting the Phase I Study of a Combination of Fluvastatin and Celecoxib in Children with Relapsing/Refractory Low-Grade or High-Grade Glioma (FLUVABREX)
by Pierre Leblond ,Emmanuelle Tresch-Bruneel,Alicia Probst ,Nadège Néant,Caroline Solas ,Arthur Sterin,Thomas Boulanger,Isabelle Aerts,Cécile Faure-Conter,Anne-Isabelle Bertozzi ,Pascal Chastagner,Natacha Entz-Werlé, Emilie De Carli,Marie-Cécile Le Deley,Gauthier Bouche and Nicolas André

from the Pediatric Oncology Unit, Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Center, Lille, the Centre Léon Bérard, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique (IHOPe), Lyon, Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Center, 59037 Lille, the Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, La Timone, AP-HM, 13005 Marseille, The service d'Hématologie et Oncologie Pédiatrique, La Timone, AP-HM, Marseille, France, the Imaging Department, Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Center, 59037 Lille, the Institut Curie, PSL Research University-Oncology Center SIREDO, Paris,
the Pôle de Pédiatrie Unité Hemato-Immuno-Oncologie, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse the Service d'Hémato-Oncologie Pédiatrique, Nancy University Hospital, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, the Pédiatrie Onco-Hématologie—Pédiatrie III, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, the Service d'Hémato-Oncologie Pédiatrique, Angers University Hospital, Angers, the Department of Biostatistics, Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Center, 59037 Lille, The Anticancer Fund, 1860 Meise, Belgium, the CRCM INSERM U1068 SMARTc, Aix Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France and Metronomics Global Health Initiative, 13005 Marseille, France.

Abstract

Preclinical data support the activity of celecoxib and fluvastatin in high-grade (HGG) and low-grade gliomas (LGG). A phase I trial (NCT02115074) was designed to evaluate the safety of this combination in children with refractory/relapsed HGG and LGG using four dose levels of fluvastatin with a fixed daily dose of celecoxib. A Continual Reassessment Method was used for fluvastatin dose escalation. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) were determined on the first treatment cycle. Twenty patients were included. Ten LGG and ten HGG patients received a median of 3.5 treatment cycles. Two DLTs were reported: one grade 3 maculopapular rash (4 mg/kg dose level) and one grade 4 increase of Creatine Phospho-Kinase (6 mg/kg dose level). We identified the dose of 6 mg/kg/day as the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of fluvastatin with celecoxib. Four patients with LGG continued treatment beyond 12 cycles because of stable disease, including one patient who received 23 treatment cycles. In children with refractory/relapsed glioma, the RP2D of fluvastatin with celecoxib is 6 mg/kg/day. The long-term stable diseases observed in LGG suggest a possible role of the combination in a maintenance setting, given its good tolerance and low cost for children living in low- and middle-income countries.

the full text is freeely avalaible here

Access to new drugs in paediatric oncology: can we learn from the ongoing ONC201 saga?

2023-03-01T11:17:59Z

We are very proud to share our last piece published in the March issue of the Lancet Oncology
The article entitled "Access to new drugs in paediatric oncology: can we learn from the ongoing ONC201 saga?" has been written by Nicolas André from the Department of Pediatric Oncology, La Timone University, Hospital of Marseille, APHM, Marseille 13005, France; Guy Buyens from the The Anticancer Fund, Brussels, Belgium; Eric Bouffet from the Division of Neuro-oncology,Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada (EB); David Walker from the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; and Matthew D Dun from the Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan ; Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter
Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia

It tells the story of ONC2101 and how its unusual clinical developpement has triggered new innitiatve to try to promote its access to patients. We then question what can be re-used from theses incitatives for other new drus.

you can have access the full paper here

https://plu.mx/w/a/1i_hpRUgdjTgv3Xw9FxhmNfaBlNm9mdzVYtzFIJOq8M

Retrospective National “Real Life” Experience of the SFCE with the Metronomic MEMMAT and MEMMAT-Like Protocol

2023-02-10T09:35:44Z

Some more data about the MEMMAT approach for relapsing/refractorty pediatric brain tumors confirming the potential of MEMMAT after the recent publication from the Irene Slavc team !!
Ideed, the Société Française de lutte contre les Cancers de l'Enfants et l'adolescent (SFCE) has just published in JCM.
The article entitled : Retrospective National “Real Life” Experience of the SFCE with the Metronomic MEMMAT and MEMMAT-Like Protocol has been co-authored by Camille Winnicki ,Pierre Leblond, Franck Bourdeaut, Anne Pagnier, Gilles Paluenzela, Pascal Chastagner ,Gwenaelle Duhil-De Benaze ,Victoria Min,Hélène Sudour-Bonnange, Catherine Piette ,Natacha Entz-Werle,Sylvie Chabaud and Nicolas André from Children Hospital of La Timone, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, SIREDO Pediatric Oncology Center, Curie, University Hospital of Grenoble, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, University Hospital of Nancy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Nice, Oscar-Lambret Center Lille, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Liège, Centre Léon Bérard Lyon and MGHI.

Relapses in pediatric high-risk brain tumors remain unmet medical needs. Over the last 15 years, metronomic chemotherapy has gradually emerged as an alternative therapeutic approach.

We performed a national retrospective study of patients with relapsing pediatric brain tumors treated according to the MEMMAT or MEMMAT-like regimen from 2010 to 2022. Treatment consisted of daily oral thalidomide, fenofibrate, and celecoxib, and alternating 21-day cycles of metronomic etoposide and cyclophosphamide associated with bevacizumab and intraventricular chemotherapy.

Forty-one patients were included. The most frequent malignancies were medulloblastoma (22) and ATRT (8). Overall, the best responses were CR in eight patients (20%), PR in three patients (7%), and SD in three patients (7%), for a clinical benefit rate of 34%. The median overall survival was 26 months (IC95% = 12.4–42.7), and median EFS was 9.7 months (IC95% = 6.0–18.6). The most frequent grade ¾ toxicities were hematological. Dose had to be adjusted in 27% of the cases. There was no statistical difference in outcome between full or modified MEMMAT. The best setting seems to be when MEMMAT is used as a maintenance and at first relapse.

Conclusions: The metronomic MEMMAT combination can lead to sustained control of relapsed high-risk pediatric brain tumors.

free access to full text is available here

Irinotecan dose schedule for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma—protracted/metronomic schedule—wording

2022-12-30T07:58:54Z

This is a comment by Nicolas ANDRE from the Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hôpital de La Timone, AP-HM, the UMR Inserm 1068, CNRS UMR 7258, AixMarseille Université U105, Marseille Cancer Research Center (CRCM)
and Metronomics Global Health Initiative,Marseille, France published in Pediatric Blood and Cancer

The special report from Slotkin and Meyer regarding the question of the schedules of administration of irinotecan for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma1 was of great interest by highlighting how the question of “dose & schedule” is still central for chemotherapy and remains largely unanswered in 2022.
However, I would like to further address here that the différences in outcome observed with different irinotecan schedules might also be explained by different mechanisms of action of irinotecan.
Indeed, for a given cancer chemotherapy drug, changes in doses and/or schedules are logically translated into changes in pharmacokinetics and ultimately in turn potentially in different pharmacodynamics. Thus, for irinotecan, the protracted schedule that has been proposed from the start as the most effective2 may be rooted in different pharmacodynamics and therefore different mechanisms of action.
While the term “protracted schedule” has been chosen for irinotecan, it would otherwise have been called a metronomic schedule for many other anti-cancer agents.3 In that perspective, beyond direct effects on cancer cells or cancer stem cells4 protracted/metronomic irinotecan also displays anti-angiogenic properties5 and importantly pro-immune anticancer properties. Indeed, irinotecan has been shown to both reduce Tregs and augment major histocompatibility complex/ class I–mediated tumor antigen presentation.6 Elsewhere, it was shown that irinotecan could also downregulate PD1 expression.7 Lastly,Waxman et al. have reported that an intermittent intermediate metronomic schedule could further re-enforce the pro-immune effect of chemotherapy.8 Therefore, the protracted schedule of irinotecan (5 days on /2 days off for 2 weeks) that has been identified as optimal likely strengthens its potential immunomodulation effect.
Rhabdomyosarcoma seems to be a “metronomic-sensitive” disease. For instance, metronomic etoposide is frequently prescribed for palliative care9 and navelbine-cyclophosphamide10 and a more complex multidrug metronomic combination11 are now being used as a maintenance regimen. As mentioned by Slotkin and Meyers,1 irinotecan is used in combination with temozolomide for a growing number of pediatric tumors (medulloblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma), whether the same kind of metronomic schedules are better for each tumor type or not needs to be confirmed. Similarly, one could also question the best schedule for temozolomide. Indeed, temozolomide also has significant multi-target activity, including selective Treg depletion, when used in a metronomic manner.12 It would be interesting to further prospectively study through translational work the impact of different schedules of irinotecan on both
immunity and angiogenesis in samples from patients.
The example of irinotecan illustrates the influence of wording on how we determine the way a treatmentmight work. More importantly, it paves theway for designing more rational combinations and choosing the optimal settings.

REFERENCES

1. Slotkin EK, Meyers PA. Irinotecan dose schedule for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2022: e30005.

2. Rodriguez-Galindo C, et al. Phase I study of the combination of topotecan and irinotecan in children with refractory solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2006;57:15-24. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2022;e30124.

3. Pasquier E, Kavallaris M, André N. Metronomic chemotherapy: new rationale for new directions. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2010;7:455-465.

4. André N, Orbach D, Pasquier E. Metronomic maintenance for highrisk pediatric malignancies: one size will not fit all. Trends Cancer. 2020;6:819-828.

5. Bocci G, et al. Antiangiogenic and anticolorectal cancer effects of metronomic irinotecan chemotherapy alone and in combination with semaxinib. Br J Cancer. 2008;98: 1619-1629.

6. Iwai T, Sugimoto M, Wakita D, Yorozu K, Kurasawa M, Yamamoto K. Topoisomerase I inhibitor, irinotecan, depletes regulatory T cells and up-regulates MHC class I and PD-L1 expression, resulting in a supraadditive antitumor effect when combined with anti-PD-L1 antibodies. Oncotarget. 2018;9:31411-31421.

7. Jabbari N, et al.Modulation of immune checkpoints by chemotherapy in human colorectal liver metastases. Cell Rep Med. 2020;1:100160.

8. Wu J, Waxman DJ. Immunogenic chemotherapy: dose and Schedule dependence and combination with immunotherapy. Cancer Lett. 2018;419:210-221.

9. Devadas SK, Banavali S. Retrospective analysis of outcomes of patients with relapsed, refractory and metastatic sarcomas who have received metronomic chemotherapy. Gulf J Oncol. 2019;1:22-28.

10. Bisogno G, et al. Vinorelbine and continuous low-dose cyclophosphamide as maintenance chemotherapy in patients with high-risk rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS 2005): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20:1566- 1575.

11. Klingebiel T, al. Treatment of children with metastatic soft tissue sarcoma with oral maintenance compared to high-dose chemotherapy: report of theHDCWS-96 trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:739-745.

12. André N, Carré M, Pasquier E. Metronomics: towards personalized
chemotherapy? Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014;11:413-431.

Beta-blockers disrupt mitochondrial bioenergetics & increase radiotherapy efficacy independently of BAR in medulloblastoma

2022-08-02T07:03:34Z

We are very proud to share our latest publication entitled : Beta-blockers disrupt mitochondrial bioenergetics and increase radiotherapy efficacy independently of beta-adrenergic receptors in medulloblastoma from Maïlys Rossia, Julie Talbot, Patricia Pirisa, Marion LeGrand, Marie-Pierre Montero, Mélanie Matteudi, Emilie Agavnian-Couquiaud, Romain Appay,Céline Keime Daniel Williamson, DujeBuricg, Véronique Bourgarel, Laetitia Padovani, Steven C.Clifford, Olivier Ayrault, Eddy Pasquier, Nicolas Andréa, Manon Carré.
It is now available in eBioMedicine which is part of the Lancet Discovery Science.

This is a joint effort from :
– the Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
– the Institut Curie, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
– the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Marseille, France
– the Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS, Inserm, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
– the Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
– and the Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France

The next step is to bring theses to the clinic through a phase 1 trial.

Background:Medulloblastoma is the most frequent brain malignancy of childhood. The current multimodal treatment comes at the expense of serious and often long-lasting side effects. Drug repurposing is a strategy to fast-track anti-cancer therapy with low toxicity. Here, we showed the ability of β-blockers to potentiate radiotherapy in medulloblastoma with bad prognosis.

Methods: Medulloblastoma cell lines, patient-derived xenograft cells, 3D spheroids and an innovative cerebellar organotypic model were used to identify synergistic interactions between β-blockers and ionising radiations. Gene expression profiles of β-adrenergic receptors were analysed in medulloblastoma samples from 240 patients. Signaling pathways were explored by RT-qPCR, RNA interference, western blotting and RNA sequencing. Medulloblastoma cell bioenergetics were evaluated by measuring the oxygen consumption rate, the extracellular acidification rate and superoxide production.

Findings: Low concentrations of β-blockers significantly potentiated clinically relevant radiation protocols. Although patient biopsies showed detectable expression of β-adrenergic receptors, the ability of the repurposed drugs to potentiate ionising radiations did not result from the inhibition of the canonical signaling pathway. We highlighted that the efficacy of the combinatorial treatment relied on a metabolic catastrophe that deprives medulloblastoma cells of their adaptive bioenergetics capacities. This led to an overproduction of superoxide radicals and ultimately to an increase in ionising radiations-mediated DNA damages.

Interpretation: These data provide the evidence of the efficacy of β-blockers as potentiators of radiotherapy in medulloblastoma, which may help improve the treatment and quality of life of children with high-risk brain tumours.

the full text is available here freely through open access.